The Debate Over Stem Cell Research - 1601 Words

The stem cell controversy has been going on for many years. The two basic controversies surrounding stem cell research is whether or not it is morally justifiable, and if stem cells will ever live up to the medical promises. Most of these controversies concern embryonic stem cells more than any other stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are unspecialized, but have the ability to divide and make specialized cells like muscles, nerves, and skin cells. These cells are found in the early stage of human development. When the human egg is fertilized by sperm and becomes a blastocyst, which is basically a cluster of stem cells, the harvesting for embryonic stem cells begins. In order to harvest the stem cells scientists basically destroy the blastocyst. The embryonic stem cell is an efficient treatment for a variety of diseases that affect many human beings. Those diseases include Parkinson’s, muscular dystrophy, heart diseases, diabetes, vision and hearing loss, or even spinal cord inju ry. With the possibility to cure all those diseases, no one should have an issue with such positive outcomes. Yet in reality, ethics plays a huge role against science research like embryonic stem cells. The embryonic stem cell treatments have cured some diseases such as vision loss and diabetes. In addition, the embryos that are used to research embryonic stem cells are not considered human and should not be considered as murdering a human being. Furthermore, with the possibility of receiving IVFShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research936 Words   |  4 PagesStem cell research is full of controversy with a million different opinions on each side of the argument. In this essay, the â€Å"pro† side will be viewed and discussed. The background, the pros, the experiments and other information will be deliberated. Hopefully by the end of the composition, one will understand the benefits of stem cell research. In the early 1900s, Alexander A. Maximow was the first to actually use the term â€Å"stem cell† when he discovered the cell. He was a Russian-American physicianRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research1027 Words   |  5 PagesStem cell research is the study of basic cells that are grown in laboratories where tests are made to determine the essential properties of the cells. Over the past few decades, stem cell research has become a popular scientific debate and controversy. Stem cell research is still considered to be relatively new technology that is responsible for taking human cells and developing them into 220 different cells in the human body. Stem cell research has the potential to help disease research and managementRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research1196 Words   |  5 Pagesmajor controversy over the topic of stem cell research. It seems to be that the main controversy when it comes to the topic of stem cell research is an ethical debate, and because of this it seems that the side opposing stem cell research always wins due to their use of pathos when it comes to their argument. I personally do not side with those against the idea of stem cell research because I believe that the pros outweigh the cons when you break it down this way. Stem cell research could be the gatewayRead MoreThe Debate Over Embryonic Stem Cell Research1652 Words   |  7 PagesEmbryonic stem cell research could one day hold the key to many new scientific discoveries if it is continuously funded in the years to come. I chose to base my research around the question, Should embryonic stem cell research be government funded? When I finish highschool I hope to pursue a career in the medical field. Although I wish to become a doctor and may not be directly researching stem cells, they may one day be a treatment that I will have to administer to patients. To answer this questionRead MoreThe Debate Over Embryonic Stem Cell Research1543 Words   |  7 PagesWhil e embryonic stem cell research has been ongoing for more than 30 years, it has only become a controversial topic over the past decade. The embryonic stem cell was first isolated in 1981 by two scientists at the University of Cambridge. However, it wasn’t until 1998 at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where the first batch of embryonic stem cells were created in a test tube. In 2001, President George W. Bush approved the use of federal funding for research on this topic, following this actionRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research1685 Words   |  7 PagesWhile the use of stem cells can offer a lot to the scientific community, the derivation of stem cells from embryos is ethically unacceptable; and the use of stem cells in humans should be completely prohibited. Since the first research on embryo stem cells in 1998 on mice the controversy has been relentless (Timeline), and even now, scientists have made great strides in waning off of embryonic stem cells and instead using induced pluripotent stem cells from adults, however these have their issuesRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research1507 Words   |  7 PagesStem cells have become one of the largest and controversial research fields in the Department of Regenerative Medicine. They are often referred to as the â€Å"building blocks of nature† due to their ability to transform into any type of cell in the human body. The controversy behind the use of stem cells is the possible chance that stem cells can regenerate organs, and cure life-threatening diseases. This topic has been publicly discussed among scientists and healthcare professionals. There are differentRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research1834 Words   |  8 Pagesembryonic stem cells. This up and coming treatment has gained a lot of praise as well as speculation from the media, medical and religious officials. Deciding whether to preserve the unborn, or treat the ill, leads to the question of the morality of using e mbryonic stem cells. There may be controversy over the use of embryonic stem cells but despite moral convictions, this type of research provides hope and promise to researchers and patients in need. Some believe the use of adult stem cells can abolishRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research2188 Words   |  9 PagesStem Cell Research is the future of scientific research, but it needs to be clarified more with the masses. Many think that Stem Cell Research is unethical and immoral. People also believe that Stem Cell Research is only done on embryos. Stem Cell Research could bring forth a world with fewer worries of disease and disablement. Moral and Ethical Opinions There are many thoughts that Stem Cell Research on embryos meant for treating infertility should not be funded by the United States government becauseRead MoreThe Debate Over Embryonic Stem Cell Research1710 Words   |  7 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cell Research Embryonic stem cells, according to the National Institute of Health, are cells obtained from embryos that are prepared from fertilized eggs which have been collected through the in vitro technique; in specialized clinics. Scientists use the stem cell research to have a better idea about the evolution, aging, and disease. Thus, they keep track of the stem cells progress across the lifetime; this tracking process can help scientists to figure out the genetic mutations

The Growth Of The Elderly Population - 779 Words

The elderly have had considerably lowering SNAP take-up rates than other age groups. The growing aging population created a downward trajectory for participation rates because as more become eligible for SNAP they continue to have one of the lowest rates of SNAP take-up. Additionally, the take-up among the aging population drastically varies by state impacting the overall participation rate among the subgroup. States that have a high proportion of eligible seniors living in rural areas have lower elderly SNAP take-up rates, than those states where more eligible elderlies lives in more urban areas. States in the Northeast like Vermont and Massechesutts have elderly SNAP take-up rates in the 60% range, while states like Wyoming, Arkansas, and Kansas have elderly SNAP take-up rates between 24% and 27%. Thus, as Americans age the overall SNAP participation is impacted (Cunnyngham, 2010; Gundersen Ziliak, 2008; Ziliak, 2013). Consequently, as the elderly population grows it becomes an im portant population to examine with regard to why their participation rates are so low. Research has shown that elderly individuals have self-identified the complex or lengthy application processes as a contributing factor to not participating in food stamps. Literature has also found the criteria for eligibility to be too complex to determine if they may even qualify for the benefit. For example elderly individuals often incorrectly believe they are only eligible for the minimum SNAP benefit,Show MoreRelatedElderly Population In America. Growth And Development Is1706 Words   |  7 PagesElderly Population in America Growth and development is an essential part of the life cycle, which leads to the occurrence of different phases like childhood, teenage and late adulthood. Aging is the period which is characterized by the onset of personal, cognitive and social changes. They feel hard to adjust the changes. Like rest of the world, the US also falls in the list of countries which have the highest population of elderly people. According to the Population Reference Bureau report, AmericansRead MoreAgeism, By Robert M. Butler1589 Words   |  7 Pageshave on elderly because of Ageism (Irving, 2015, p. 72). The term â€Å"Ageism† was developed in 1969 by Robert M. Butler, the director of the District of Columbia Advisory Committee on Aging (SOURCE). Ageism, meaning, the prejudice and discrimination against older people (Macionis, 2014, pg.104), has been an un-noticed growing stereotype. When many think of becoming an elderly they mostly think of the things you can’t do any more. This poi nt exactly has been the driving force of Ageism’s growth. OriginallyRead MoreElderly Adults : An Aging Population1152 Words   |  5 PagesElderly adults will always be present. If the average age span of the elderly rises, then changes will be made in numerous areas. An aging population calls for a changing nation. Many advantages come with a large elderly population, yet several disadvantages come in tow as well. If that population begins to live exceeding the average lifespan of past records, then numerous accommodations will need to be made. These arrangements will ultimately have an effect on surrounding age groups. Although nowRead MoreElderly Senior Population779 Words   |  4 PagesIn 2014, Americans age 65 and older represented 14.5% of the total population in the United States. Between 2004 and 2014 the senior population grew by 10 million—constituting a 28% increase in the senior population, far surpassing the 6.2% growth in the population under the age o f 65 (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2016). It is projected that one in every five Americans will be a senior in 2030 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013; Ortman, Velkoff Hogan, 2014). The comingRead MoreFood Insecurity Among The Aging Population765 Words   |  4 PagesIn the last five years there has been a growth in the level of food insecurity among the aging population. In 2012 15.3% of the aging faced a threat of food insecurity. Further from 2001 to 2012 there was a 44% increase in the aging population experiencing hunger (Ziliak Gundersen, 2013). In 2008 8.1% of households with an elderly individual living in the residence were food insecure, and 8.8% of the elderly living alone were food insecure (Coleman-Jenson, Nord, Andrews, Carlson, 2009). AfterRead MoreSocial Consequences Of China One Child Policy723 Words   |  3 Pagesconsequences. The New England Journal of Medicine s article The Effect of China s One-Child Family Policy after 25 Years discuss the social consequences of Chinas One child policy. The One child policy in china begin when Chinese governments viewed population containment as a benefit for living and economic improvement. They cre ated a one child policy that limits the size of families, the policy also includes regulations regarding marriage, spacing and childbearing. The strict policy is controlled withRead MoreEssay about Stabilizing Population628 Words   |  3 PagesStabilizing Population By the year 2050, world population is expected to double, with most of the increase in the developing world. This growing population would require more resources, including energy. To create a sustainable global society, we must both conserve our resources and stabilize population size. Actions around the world: In Colombia, the population growth rate has dropped from 3.4 to 1.8 percent. Two in every three couples now plan their familiesRead MoreHow Old Is Too Old For Elderly Cardiac Surgery? Essay1558 Words   |  7 PagesTITLE: How old is too old for elderly cardiac surgery? Are we pushing the limits? The purpose of this paper is to analyze if there is any improvement, post-operative complications, mortality and related factors of elderly undergoing cardiac surgery. The debate whether or not we are pushing the limits is still questionable because of the complications associated with these invasive surgeries and whether or not if it’s a money game. The growing numbers of the elderly patients enjoy a prescriptionRead MoreThe Demographic Transition Theory941 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica is seeing an exponential growth to the elderly population. There are many factors that could be the cause of this. Looking at the demographic transition theory in conjunction with the Malthusian theory brought valuable insight for me. The demographic theory says there are four stages to population growth that are predictable. Those who are in their late 80’s and above were capable of seeing all four of these stages in America. As they aged and the stages for population advanced so did t echnologyRead MoreThe Increase Life Expectancy Has Created A Larger Population Of The Elderly972 Words   |  4 Pagesincreased life expectancy has created a larger population of the elderly, which is a significant demographic change that the U.S. has begun to experience. It is projected that the increase in the life expectancy will continue to impact the amplified growth of the elderly population in the future. The increased elderly population, has created a need for the U.S. to implement policies that support and meet the developing number of diverse needs the elderly population will require in order to age well. The

Business Scenario free essay sample

Prostitution has always been a major issue in India. Bombay alone is home to one lakh prostitutes, the largest sex industry centre in Asia. Often women are forced into this profession due to poverty, human trafficking, illiteracy, desertion, etc. According to Human Rights Watch, there are approximately 15 million prostitutes in India. There are more than 100,000 women prostitution in Bombay, Asia’s largest sex industry center. An oft-repeated cause of prostitution is poverty. But poverty is not the only reason. The helplessness of women forces them to sell their bodies. Many girls from villages are trapped for the trade in the pretext of love and elope from home, only to find themselves sold in the city to pimps, who take money from the women as commission. The other causes of prostitution include ill treatment by parents, bad company, family prostitutes, social customs, inability to arrange marriage, lack of sex education, media, prior incest and rape, early marriage and desertion, lack of recreational facilities, ignorance, and acceptance of prostitution. Economic causes include poverty and economic distress. Psychological causes include desire for physical pleasure, greed, and dejecection Most enter involuntarily. India, along with Thailand and the Philippines, has 1. 3 million childrens in its sex-trade centers. The childrens come from relatively poorer areas and are trafficked to relatively richer ones. India and Pakistan are the main destinations for children under 16, who are trafficked to south Asia. Â  Globally prostitution is legal in Canada, France, Wales, Denmark, Holland, most of South America, including Mexico (often in special zones), Israel, Australia, and many other countries. Its either legal or tolerated in most of Asia; Australia has a sex-service company whose stocks are traded on the stock exchange. The report says that although the exact number of working prostitutes in countries like India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand is impossible to calculate due to the illegal or clandestine nature of the work, anywhere between 0. 25 per cent and 1. 5 per cent of the total female population are engaged in prostitution. Estimates made in 2005/6 suggest that there were between 140,000 and 230,000 prostitutes in Indonesia. In Malaysia, the estimated figures for working prostitutes range from 43,000 to 142,000, but the higher figure is more probable, according to the ILO analysis. In the Philippines, estimates range from 100,000 to 600,000, but the likelihood is that there are nearly half a million prostitutes in the country. In Thailand, the Ministry of Public Health survey recorded 65,000 prostitutes in 2006 but unofficial sources put the figure between 200,000 and 300,000. There are also tens of thousands of Thai and Filipino prostitutes working in other countries. The prostitutes are mainly women, but there are also male, transvestite and child prostitutes. If we include the owners, managers, pimps and other employees of the sex establishments, the related entertainment industry and some segments of the tourism industry, the number of workers earning a living directly or indirectly from prostitution would be several millions. A 2006 study by the Ministry of Public Health of Thailand found that of a total of 104,262 workers in some 7,759 establishments where sexual services could be obtained, only 64,886 were sex workers; the rest were support staff including cleaners, waitresses, cashiers, parking valets and security guards. A Malaysian study lists occupations with links to the sex sector as medical practitioners (who provide regular health checks for the prostitutes), operators of food stalls in the vicinity of sex establishments, vendors of cigarettes and liquor, and property owners who rent premises to providers of sexual services. In the Philippines, establishments known to be involved in the sex sector include special tourist agencies, escort services, hotel room service, saunas and health clinics, brothels, bars, beer gardens, cocktail lounges, cabarets and special clubs. The sex sector in the four countries is estimated to account for anywhere from 2 to 14 per cent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and the revenues it generates are crucial to the livelihoods and earnings potential of millions of workers beyond the prostitutes themselves. Government authorities also collect substantial revenues in areas where prostitution thrives, illegally from bribes and corruption, but legally from licensing fees and taxes on the many hotels, bars, restaurants and game rooms that flourish in its wake. In Thailand, for example, close to US$300 million is transferred annually to rural families by women working in the sex sector in urban areas, a sum that in many cases exceeds the budgets of government-funded development programmes. For the 1993-95 period, the estimate was that prostitution yielded an annual income of between US$22. 5 and 27 billion. In Indonesia the financial turnover of the sex sector is estimated at US$1. 2 billion to US$3. 3 billion per year, or between 0. 8 and 2. per cent of the countrys GDP, with much of prostitutes earnings remitted from the urban brothel complexes they work in to the villages their families live in. In the Jakarta area alone, there is an estimated annual turnover of US$91 million from activities related to the sale of sex.Prostitution is illegal in India, but the business of life goes on. Calling it illegal is a superfluous formality and denouncing it as an immoral blotch on society. Recognizing it as a profession will at least reduce the re al illegalities that come with it, like child prostitution, drug abuse, and crime. Societies in which prostitution is legal have concluded that it is best to regulate a profession, which will never disappear. India should learn from these societies, rather than pretend that prostitution doesnt exist here. Especially when figures reveal that the business of sex-workers takes a dip when it is vacation time for colleges. Prostitution in India is a Rs. 40,000 crore annual business. Thirty per cent of the sex workers are children who earn a whopping Rs. 11,000 crore. This is claimed by a study on Child prostitution in India by the Centre of Concern for Child Labour (CCL), a non-governmental organisation. Flesh trade is the biggest industry in this country, said CCL director Joseph Gathia. The number of prostitutes in India, according to the study, is estimated at nine lakhs. Of these, nearly 30 per cent are children, numbering between 270,000 and 400,000. The number of children below 14 years in commercial prostitution is increasing at the rate of 8 to 10 per cent per a nnum. The demand for pre-puberty girls is increasing in cities — Mumbai, Calcutta, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Delhi and Chennai and in the rural areas on tourist destinations.

Project Management Plan for Optus

Question: Describe about the Project Management Plan for Optus. Answer: Introduction Know-how transfers standards are unpredictable, and usually include administrations gave with the useful resource of several outlets for example, Optus ought to carry your expertise technique carriage, an additional may supply the gear at the equal time an alternative merchant over again seems after it. We will anticipate prison duty for the management and bolster needs of your expertise, settled voice, portable and distinctive outsider items and administrations - from provisioning to progressing management. We take care of all management cooperation through a dedicated cellular range, and provide united charging, budgetary, stock and administration paintings location reporting. Those courses of movement can usually be tedious and excessive to oversee. At this time you can lessen the chance and intricacy of handling numerous merchants, with professionally oversaw knowledge transfers administrations from (Optus top magnificence managed offerings). With this management you've access to our entire internet charging, money related, stock and management paintings place reporting contraptions and also can incorporate them together with your gift devices. We can likewise solidify the expenses over distinct sellers into a solitary bill and pay suppliers to your sake for added noteworthy control and deceivability. Project management plan Coordinating with Optus a SingTel industry offers you passage to a preeminent ICT member with the universal compass and limits expected to future-attestation, secure and make more grounded your organizations over the area. We are a bit of an additional broad neighborhood staff that has significant and demonstrated potential in IP and adaptability strategies, managed organizations, business purposes and IT organizations to guide and sponsorship your tries to complete up a worldwide player. We work more prominent than a hundred and forty motivations behind closeness in 89 urban groups and 33 nations around the globe, with totally fledged transport center focuses in Australia, Hong Kong, China and Singapore. This extension ensures that clients have a lone basis of contact for their ICT needs, wherever they're found. Also, we've induction to a colossal number of the undersea connections systems used to give powerful, tried and true and adaptable system amongst countries and terrain's all by means of the enclosure. For a few organizations, the abuse of partition could make altering worldwide operations uncertain. Adapting to more than a couple supplier associations over an extent of industry divisions and time zones can show costly and dull. At Optus, we can empty this stress. We give on-the-floor resources and ability to ensure your masters can hang on being advantageous, make offers and deliver deals paying little mind to where they are found. Using the limits of 4,000 checked IT masters, together with 1,000 information Advancement Infrastructure Library confirmed associates, we can exhibit a far reaching extent of regional regulated organizations, going for strolls from directed aptitude exchanges and supervised ICT organizations to full venture endless outsourcing. Our common closeness and transport centers cut back cost, give versatility and stimulate time to show. We now have forty offers workplaces in 22 countries around the world, even as our certainty arrangement framework and security operations centers offer round the-explore proactive watching and in-loft specific pre-bargains potential in more than 10 nations. Application optimization and acceleration As wealthy knowledge turns out to be extra herbal in companies' everyday operations, features require more statistics transfer capability and faster reaction activities. Our oversaw WAN streamlining and application rushing up management speeds industry application execution, address inertness, minimize technique activity, soothe clog and make extra headroom for large industry purposes, making a sophisticated cease-purchaser information. Having the capacity to recognize the underlying drivers of clog can engage your enterprise to absolutely fully hold close the capability of its present day knowledge transfer capacity and association its extension all of the more correctly. Business continuity and disaster recovery As corporations end up needier on ICT administrations, and their operations traverse countless time zones, the potential to keep up a riskless and steady administration will get to be normal. We provide an exhaustive suite of trade congruity arranging arrangements that acknowledges knowledge risks and builds up the structure for you to hold up the identical old factor. Our reply likewise consolidates an industry recuperation middle which outfits customers with trade recuperation offices. Customer interaction and contact centre Optus business Contact middle preparations support associations upgrade client conversation and convey a advanced purchaser expertise. Patron cooperation arrangements give the establishment improvements to purchasers to manufacture contact focuses and get, line and administration inbound calls. Client experience arrangements increase on customer collaboration arrangements and beef up the patron expertise through sight and sound channels, self-administration usefulness and a scope of distinctive purposes. Unified communications Introduced collectively interchanges preparations flawlessly comprise just a few forms of industry correspondences to empower steady entry to voice, video, cell phone message, nearness, texting, computer sharing and IP conferencing applications. This encourages more plausible and productive correspondences between acquaintances, accomplices and suppliers, bringing about more suitable operational effectiveness, expanded efficiency, reduce correspondence fees and higher help for a versatile personnel. Overseen Unified Communications preparations can deal with the everyday administration of your IP telephony and certain collectively interchanges basis, guaranteeing the accessibility and nature of your business interchanges. We are able to likewise support your online business meet its accessibility additionally, execution focuses by using giving proactive administration and enterprise quality observe administration conveyance types. Server, hosting and storage We support clients increase the use and effectiveness and scale down the expenditures of proudly owning and jogging base in server farms. We do this by way of executing improvements, for example, virtual servers and digital stockpiling, which is able to thusly shrink power use and nursery fuel outflows. Figure: Optus project management plan We work the Optus EXPAN process of server farms, which gives strong and comfortable workplaces centered in Australia and territorial functions of nearness all via Asia Pacific. Our suite of oversaw server, virtualization and ability administrations gives business-grade facilitating arrangements that affect the most latest innovations, talented employees and corporations with industry leading marketers. Managed endpoints Mobile telephones, telephone phones, pills, observe pads and different versatile objects are productive in many associations at present. Overseen endpoint arrangements are making a change corporations tackle the difficulties of developed innovation as extra corporations acknowledge cell phones and drugs for industry use and the sample of getting the capacity to bring your possess system to the work environment picks up power. Optus cellular device management permits you to characterize and follow safety procedures and application settings, bring programming, produce reports and maintain up a database of bolstered mobile telephones. This moreover ensures company information with the aid of remotely wiping, locking and finding misplaced items. Furthermore, our cell device safety arrangement secures and guard cell telephones from malware downloaded from the online. This product gives adversarial to illness, towards malware, opposed to spam and person firewall usefulness on mobile phone telephones. Cloud services We offer the Optus Managed Cloud suite of cloud-headquartered administrations and arrangements protecting functions on curiosity, framework on curiosity, community on request and oversaw administrations on curiosity. Optus cloud preparations can lessen IT expenditures; develop efficiency and increase adaptability, versatility and normal industry dexterity. Security Organizations must include a multi-layered, all encompassing method to deal with take care of contemporary danger scene. Our protection administrations incorporate firewalls, interruption counteractive motion, internet, e-mail and information content safety, endpoint coverage, appropriated dissent of-administration counteractive action, weak point opinions and protection occasion administration. Our checking administrations supply fast identification of protection episodes and vulnerabilities for proactive remediation. Gantt chart The scheduled Gantt chart for this project management can be shown as- Figure: Project management at Optus Company Resource management The staff required to complete this project is nearly 8-10 persons of different domains as per the requirements. The tools that will be needed during this project will be the technical as well non technical tools for building the above mentioned configurations. Budgeting and cost management The budgeting and the cost management for the project will be nearly $100,000 approximately. As 8-10 employees will be working on this project and for duration of nearly 100 days therefore this project will cost the company but once the project is successfully completed and implemented then it will be profitable for the company. Conclusion The project management Methodology (PMM) is a plan of formed and out and out attempted systems sketched out to give an unfaltering constitution to wander overseers working extraordinarily inside Optus exchange and commonly as a premier some portion of SingTel staff organization. It impacts built up wander approaches to convey endeavors and proceeds onward time, inside spending arrangement, and in line with the shopper's exchange and superb interests. Our PMM has a developed status of being dependably moreover, easily connected to different undertakings of moving capriciousness, size, range and environment. References Bryde, D. (1995). Establishing a project organization and a project-management process for telecommunications project management. International Journal Of Project Management, 13(1), 25-31. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-7863(95)95700-n Calendar of Events. (2014). Project Management Journal, 45(1), 90-91. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21405 Davidson Frame, J. (2014). Reconstructing Project Management. Project Management Journal, 45(1), e2-e2. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21387 Hyvri, I. (2006). Project management effectiveness in project-oriented business organizations. International Journal Of Project Management, 24(3), 216-225. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2005.09.001 Levin, G. (2013). Project Management for Non-Project Managers. Proj Mgmt Jrnl, 44(5), e2-e2. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21362 Leybourne, S., Warburton, R., Kanabar, V. (2014). Is project management the new management 2.0?. Organisational Project Management, 1(1), 16. https://dx.doi.org/10.5130/opm.v1i1.3959 Management and network analysis. (1986). International Journal Of Project Management, 4(1), 49. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-7863(86)90063-3 Mikkelsen, H. (1990). Quality of project work and project management. International Journal Of Project Management, 8(3), 138-143. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-7863(90)90014-3 Ponnappa, G. (2014). Project Stakeholder Management. Project Management Journal, 45(2), e3-e3. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21400 Rodney Turner, J. (2004). Viennese Project Management-Days Project and Emotions. International Journal Of Project Management, 22(4), 271-272. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2003.12.001 Sankaran, S. (2014). Editorial. Organisational Project Management, 1(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.5130/opm.v1i0.3934 Saynisch, M. (1983). Project management system for a large international project. International Journal Of Project Management, 1(2), 115-121. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-7863(83)90010-8 Shtub, A. (1997). Project segmentationa tool for project management. International Journal Of Project Management, 15(1), 15-19. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-7863(96)00017-8 Turner, J. (2006). Towards a theory of project management: The nature of the project governance and project management. International Journal Of Project Management, 24(2), 93-95. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2005.11.008

Brazil And Andean Highlands Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Brazil And Andean Highlands Essay, Research Paper The similarities between the societies found in Brazil and those found in the Andean Highlands are comparatively few. The Andean Highland inhabitants were largely Incas, found in greatest Numberss in Peru. The dwellers of Brazil were chiefly concentrated around the Amazon River Basin country. The Andean Highland people consisted in big portion of the Inca civilisation ( the name of the governing household, non an ethnicity ) . However, the geographic location of these societies is non the lone disparity that exist between these groups of people. Possibly the most dramatic of the differences is the features of these societies and the promotions, or deficiency of, that where achieved in each. With each group holding distinguishable features in the manner of life, authorities, and labour, this affected the colonising groups in significantly different ways and finally lead to the prosperity or diminution of the settlement at that specific time. We will write a custom essay sample on Brazil And Andean Highlands Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The signifiers of regulation in the Amazon Basin and the Andean Highlands were of great contrast. At the clip of European find of the New World, there existed really small political hierarchy in the countries of the Amazon River Basin. At most, and this was reasonably uncommon, there was a local tribal head. However, the authorities did non widen any farther. There was no web of higher opinion. This may hold stemmed from the fact that small towns were scattered around the Amazon, divided by dense wood. The tribal heads would do some small town determinations and be a affair with other local small towns. Still, territorial war was a major facet of the Amazon Basin inhabitants # 8217 ; lives. This is in crisp contrast to the political system that existed in the Inca civilisation. The Inca had a profoundly intricate political system that was based on regulation that was inherited through blood lines. There were local, regional, and imperium opinion leaders. These solons demanded testim onial from the lower categories and besides force labour upon them, but they did supply services for the good of the people and the imperium. The leadings had comparatively few physical responsibilities other than supervising the sphere that he ruled. Territorial war was besides a feature of the Inca society. This society has frequently been labeled either a socialist imperium or a public assistance state.Specifically, the people of the Amazon Basin lived in little small towns around the Amazon River and relocated frequently ( when the dirt became fallow ) . They were a tribal society maintained itself through switching agribusiness and hunting and assemblage. The basic of their diet was of the tuber assortment, a sort of murphy. The society had no categories that differentiated between therich and hapless because the people had really small or no private belongings. However, gift giving was really common in this civilization. The Inca had communities that ranged all the manner from little small towns to booming metropoliss. The chief metropolis of political and civil civilization was called Cuzco. This is where the swayer of the full imperium lived. Much like the inhabitants of the Amazon Basin, communities were frequently formed among groups of relations, which was known as ayllu. In contrast with those of Brazil, the Inca were divided by categories and persons did ain belongings. The lower categories were basically frequently used as slave labour and they besides paid revenue enhancements and testimonial to their local and regiona l rulers through food, materials, and general gifts that were not reciprocated. Land and human labor power was a main source of wealth in the Inca civilization.The types of labor that took place was vastly different between these societies. In Brazil, the labor was very much communal. Everyone worked together for the good of the village and its people. They worked together to build dwellings as well as for the cultivation and care of the crops. They used a slash-and-burn style of farming and relocated once the nutrients of the land were used up. The Incas were much more advanced. In many areas, labor specialization was common, especially in the large densely-populated areas like Cuzco. Many of the people were forced to work building or repairing paved roads, irrigation channels, fortresses, and mines in a system called mita. The Inca took part in labor-intensive agriculture. They employed much more advanced agricultural production methods also. They developed irrigation systems, te rracing, and other advanced agricultural techniques. With the arrival of the European colonists, many of these existing institutions and practices were destroyed and replaced with the Europeans’ system of rule and social customs. However, these clashed with what was practiced before the arrival of the Europeans and this soon became evident. The was much turbulence and revolt against the European ways. In the Andean Highlands, the Incas’ power was totally lost to the Spanish through force. Every pre-existing class was driven into slavery. The Spanish also employed the ruling-class’ system of mita to suit their own purposes. The lower classes were already used to this type of treatment from the ruling class, but the upper classes resisted and were force to somewhat reform their policies on the strict ruling of the Incas.The Amazon Basin dwellers essentially suffered the same fate as the Incas. Captaincies were developed along the Atlantic coast of Brazil and the i ndigenous people of Brazil were forced into working there. There were many attacks against these captaincies by the indigens which strained their success. Also, these indigenous people were not used to organized work that the captaincies used. Many of the workers tried to escape or commit suicide. This eventually led to their replacement with African slaves.Because of pre-existing conditions, European colonists were forced to deal with enigmas that were ingrained in the culture. Force alone could not override the conditioning of hundreds or thousands of years. This called for the Spaniards and Portuguese to amend their methods of governing the people of this foreign land.BibliographyHansis, Robert. The Latin Americans: Understanding Their Legacy. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1997.Keen, Benjamin. A History of Latin America. 5th ed. Boston: Hoghton Mifflin Company, 1996.Patterson, Thomas C. â€Å"The Inca Empire and Its Subject Peoples.† The Indian in Latin Americ an History: Resistance, Resilience, and Acculturation. Ed. John E. Kicza. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1993Stern, Steve. â€Å"The Rise and Fall of White-Indian Alliances.† The Hispanic American Historical Review. Vol. 61.3 (1981) West, Robert C. â€Å"Aboriginal and Colonial Geography of Latin America.† Latin America: An Introductory Survey. Ed. Brian W. Blouet and Olwyn M. Blouet. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1982.

Moving from SMD (Single Member District) System to PR (Proportional Representation) System

Moving from SMD (Single Member District) System to PR (Proportional Representation) System As political disillusionment intensifies in America, Diamond and Plattner (2006) show that parties and candidates are becoming more cynical thus culminating into low voter turnout. Several proposals have been brought forth to revolutionize the American electoral system among them the campaign finance reform.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Moving from SMD (Single Member District) System to PR (Proportional Representation) System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the attention given to the most recent reform (PR system) has made more people to consider replacing the current SMD (winner-takes-it-all) system with the PR system. United States is a democratic and a multi-party state. Therefore, an effective electoral system should cater for the interests of the parties present and the people without compromising on democracy. What impact is the change likely to have on (a) party-system and (b) democracy in U.S.? T hese are the most fundamental questions that people should seek to answer before replacing the SMD system. It is important that we understand the party-system and the democratic deficiencies present in SMD so that we can decide whether PR will be a practical option. The SMD system discriminates against third parties, does not represent all voters, discourages people from voting and enacts laws that do not correspond with the public views. These problems reveal a fundamental flaw in the electoral system; the only persons represented are those who elect the winning candidate. The rest, about 49% in every district never get any representation as the election system shuts out the minorities from participating in elections. What happens is that a Republican who is in a Democrats dominated district votes but his/her votes go to waste because the Republican candidate never wins. Due to lack of minorities’ representation in the electoral system, Shively (2011) asserts that there is h eightened lack of democracy in the electoral system. This explains why there is distorted representation in the state, local legislatures and Congress. The SMD system also shows evidence of unequal representation of political parties. Parties end up getting more or less, than what they deserve. For instance, the House of Representative Elections (1994) saw the Democrats in Washington get 22% of the seats despite winning with over 50% votes.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As put across by Diamond and Plattner (2006), PR systems make use of multi-member districts and uses larger districts to elect the members required as an alternative to voting a single member in every small district. In addition, the number of candidates who win seats in the multi-member districts is dependent on the votes each party gets. For instance, in a PR district consisting of 20 members, if the Democratic Party gets 50%, the Democratic candidates get ten seats. If the Republican Party gets 30%, the party’s candidates secure six seats and if there is a third party with 20%, four seats are reserved for its candidates. A PR system would make sure that all people and parties get a fair and just representation. This is because under PR, there is representation of all significant groups including the political minorities who might only garner 10 or 20 % of the votes. The PR system ensures that the legislature reflects the parties’ voting strengths. For instance, a party with 40% of the votes gets 40% of the seats. Presently, the party-system reflects the unfairness of SDM. The Republican Party and Democratic Party, which are the winning parties, dominate the electoral system thus limiting other parties from winning. The PR system will offer diversity and make sure that emerging third parties such as the Liberation party, the New Party and the Greens get realis tic chances to challenge the two major parties. Such parties will only need 10% of the votes to elect a candidate hence guaranteeing the viability of the minor parties. Shively (2011) notes that this would lead to a healthy multi-party state where there is fair and free representation and competition among political parties. This would also guarantee that there are varied choices during elections. Each person can find a party or candidate that he/she can enthusiastically support. As a result, the public would exercise its voting rights in a democratic manner and with the assurance that their votes are not wasted; there is a guarantee that a 10% vote would see a candidate who can represent their views/needs in parliament. For this reason, voter turnout would be high meaning that the multi-party system formed would be heterogeneous. Thus, varied political perspectives present in the electorate would guarantee that there is a wide-ranging political debate that would uphold democracy, l ead to new ideas and sound decision-making.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Moving from SMD (Single Member District) System to PR (Proportional Representation) System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To maintain or uphold democracy, Shively (2011) emphasizes that the government should allow all people to participate equally in every decision that affects them. The PR system will enhance democracy by giving the party-system a complete overhaul whereby the dominance of the winning parties will be eradicated and equal representation of all political parties, including the minor ones guaranteed. The PR system will also ensure that the electoral system upholds democratic rights, including voting rights and political representation rights of all citizens. Simply stated, PR system will cater for the party-system and democratic deficiencies in the SMD system without compromising on the role of the electoral system. Diamond , Larry Jay., and Marc F. Plattner. Electoral Systems and Democracy. Baltimore, MD: JHU Press, 2006. Print. Shively, W. Phillips. Power and Choice: An Introduction to Political Science. 12th  Edition. Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill, 2011. Print.

AFRICAN HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

AFRICAN HISTORY - Essay Example In a social context, when it comes to social behavior, to begin with it was limited to a few single individuals with children that began to live together to better their chances of survival. These small groups eventually gave to bigger groups evincing a higher degree of social complexity (Berger 1). Thereby the humans felt an increased need for a better and efficient communication, and the need for language was felt (Berger 4). The earlier usage of limited oral expressions to solve the limited problems gave way to much complex lingual constructs (Berger 4). The early humans realized the advantages of using language for the sharing of information. The first convincing stone tools were developed by human about 2.5 million years ago in East Africa (Berger 5). As the early human realized the efficiency that stone tool ushered in their daily activities they started using select rock materials to craft and fashion tools (Berger 5). The humans accepted the importance of tools in butchering activities, as human teeth and nails were quiet incapable of slicing pieces of flesh and tough skins. Gradually the proto humans also learnt to fashion tool from perishable materials like wood (Berger 5). Eventually, with the enhanced preference for group formation, the early humans became more of hunters and farmers than being mere scavengers. This led from human populations confined to small groups that were far scattered to social organization and thereby an enhanced human capacity to fight against the vagaries of nature. This eventually gave way to larger human populations. 2. The relationship between the land, people, and climate has always been a complex issue on the continent. Discuss agriculture, domestication, and pastoralism in early ancient Nile Valley and Southern African communities. Cite techniques used to control plant productivity, livestock domestication, and responses to climatic changes. There is no